TEXT TRANSLATION / VOCABULARY

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE 1800-1923 (extracted from THE TIMES Concise Atlas of World History, fourth edition, 1992):

dynasty: series of rulers of a country who all belong to the same family (the dynasty he founded ruled for 700 years); a period of time during which a country is ruled by members of the same family (Colonisation took place during the Habsburg dynasty).

invasion: the action of an army entering a country by force; attack, offensive, raid, combat.

province: district, area, region, locality, or section of a country.

principality: the country, that is ruled by a prince or that a prince takes his title from(e.g.principality of Monaco); realm, domain, kingdom.

be absorbed into: be included, digested, assimilated, grasped, taken up, adapted.

subsequently: afterwards, thereafter, later (subsequent: following, succeeding, ensuing).

to be incorporated (into): include, be merged, combined, embodied, consolidated, united.

to cede (to): transfer, abandon, surrender, capitulate, yield, concede.

protectorate: a country that is controlled and protected by a more powerful country; colony, dependency.

autonomy: the control or government of a country, organisation, or group by itself rather than by others.

mandate: authority given to someone to govern a particular territory; the governmental authority that it has to carry out particular policies as a result of winning an election.

to partition: the dividing of a country into parts so that each part becomes an independent country; to part, to distribute, separate, alienate, divide.

intermittent: something that happens or appears occasionally or at regular intervals rather than constantly or continuously; irregular, inconsistent, erratic, disconnected.

to enlarge: to bulk, to expand, to extend, to increase, to amplify.

hereditary: a title or position in society that is hereditary is one that is passed on as a right from parent to child; inborn, congenital, inherent.

to regain: recover, reclaim, retrieve, redeem, restore.

to assign: give out, allocate, appoint, attribute, allot, apportion.

obligation: responsibility, contract, liability, commitment.

virtually: in essence, practically, morally, substantially, implicitly.

nominally: theoretically(something supposed to have a particular identity or status, but in reality does not have it.(nominal:  so called, titular, in name only, figurehead, theoretical)

to facilitate: to make it easier; alleviate, appease, calm, conciliate, ease.

sect: a group of people with a particular set of religious and political beliefs.

to formalise: to make a plan clear and official(Their marriage vows will be formalized).